Clean_Video_Games_Data <- read.csv2("Clean_Video_Games_Data.csv")
## Create a Co-Developer column
Clean_Video_Games_Data <- separate(Clean_Video_Games_Data, Developer, c("Developer", "Co_Developer"), sep = ",")
## Warning: Expected 2 pieces. Additional pieces discarded in 13 rows [1292,
## 1627, 2760, 4126, 4183, 4675, 6203, 6426, 6506, 6571, 6581, 6895, 6948].
## Warning: Expected 2 pieces. Missing pieces filled with `NA` in 6638
## rows [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20,
## 21, ...].
## Make count column for Developer
Clean_Video_Games_Data$Developer <- as.character(Clean_Video_Games_Data$Developer)
Clean_Video_Games_Data$Dev_Count <- as.numeric(ave(Clean_Video_Games_Data$Developer, Clean_Video_Games_Data$Developer, FUN = length))
## Create a new Developer column that shows which developers have only made 10 or fewer games
Larger_devs <- Clean_Video_Games_Data %>% count(Developer) %>% filter(n >= 10)
## Warning: package 'bindrcpp' was built under R version 3.4.4
Clean_Video_Games_Data <- Clean_Video_Games_Data %>% mutate(Mod_Developer = ifelse(Developer %in% Larger_devs$Developer, Developer, "Small/New Developer"))
## set seed
set.seed(8)
## Split data into testing and training
split <- sample.split(Clean_Video_Games_Data$Global_Sales, SplitRatio = 0.8)
Games_Train <- subset(Clean_Video_Games_Data, split == TRUE)
Games_Test <- subset(Clean_Video_Games_Data, split == FALSE)
## Manual Selection
Games_Mod <- lm(Global_Sales ~ Genre + Critic_Score + User_Score + Rating + Top_20_Devs, data = Games_Train)
summary(Games_Mod)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = Global_Sales ~ Genre + Critic_Score + User_Score +
## Rating + Top_20_Devs, data = Games_Train)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -5.0819 -0.5400 -0.1963 0.2181 30.7825
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -0.972686 0.133770 -7.271 4.04e-13 ***
## GenreAdventure -0.371548 0.116990 -3.176 0.001502 **
## GenreFighting 0.102658 0.101145 1.015 0.310166
## GenreMisc 0.361259 0.100718 3.587 0.000338 ***
## GenrePlatform -0.096608 0.101828 -0.949 0.342797
## GenrePuzzle -0.495902 0.163937 -3.025 0.002498 **
## GenreRacing 0.002689 0.089383 0.030 0.976005
## GenreRole-Playing -0.126585 0.078845 -1.605 0.108443
## GenreShooter -0.128317 0.075323 -1.704 0.088519 .
## GenreSimulation -0.021264 0.112655 -0.189 0.850290
## GenreSports -0.117807 0.083216 -1.416 0.156924
## GenreStrategy -0.487079 0.119517 -4.075 4.66e-05 ***
## Critic_Score 0.029891 0.001929 15.499 < 2e-16 ***
## User_Score -0.043602 0.018510 -2.356 0.018528 *
## RatingE10+ -0.184743 0.073088 -2.528 0.011509 *
## RatingM 0.028229 0.077612 0.364 0.716077
## RatingT -0.250185 0.063581 -3.935 8.42e-05 ***
## Top_20_Devs 3.618408 0.102126 35.431 < 2e-16 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 1.572 on 5662 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.2666, Adjusted R-squared: 0.2644
## F-statistic: 121.1 on 17 and 5662 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
# There are possibly better methods of model selection that are done automatically
## Set the scope of the model fit
MaxFit <- lm(log(Global_Sales) ~ Genre + Critic_Score + User_Score + Mod_Developer + Dev_Count + Rating + Top_20_Devs + Platform, data = Games_Train)
FitStart <- lm(log(Global_Sales) ~ 1, data = Games_Train)
## Forward selection
Forward_mod <- step(FitStart, direction = "forward", scope = formula(MaxFit))
## Start: AIC=3993.71
## log(Global_Sales) ~ 1
##
## Df Sum of Sq RSS AIC
## + Critic_Score 1 1650.04 9819.8 3113.5
## + Mod_Developer 179 2218.63 9251.2 3130.7
## + Platform 16 1646.24 9823.6 3145.7
## + Top_20_Devs 1 1024.93 10444.9 3464.0
## + Dev_Count 1 446.44 11023.4 3770.2
## + Genre 11 440.42 11029.4 3793.3
## + User_Score 1 345.21 11124.6 3822.1
## + Rating 3 112.94 11356.9 3943.5
## <none> 11469.8 3993.7
##
## Step: AIC=3113.49
## log(Global_Sales) ~ Critic_Score
##
## Df Sum of Sq RSS AIC
## + Platform 16 2135.18 7684.6 1752.9
## + Mod_Developer 179 1415.44 8404.3 2587.4
## + Top_20_Devs 1 636.29 9183.5 2735.0
## + Genre 11 454.83 9364.9 2866.1
## + Dev_Count 1 187.09 9632.7 3006.2
## + Rating 3 64.13 9755.6 3082.3
## + User_Score 1 38.82 9780.9 3093.0
## <none> 9819.8 3113.5
##
## Step: AIC=1752.87
## log(Global_Sales) ~ Critic_Score + Platform
##
## Df Sum of Sq RSS AIC
## + Mod_Developer 179 1297.10 6387.5 1060.8
## + Top_20_Devs 1 564.68 7119.9 1321.4
## + Genre 11 198.08 7486.5 1626.5
## + Dev_Count 1 91.22 7593.4 1687.0
## + User_Score 1 82.66 7601.9 1693.4
## + Rating 3 69.92 7614.7 1707.0
## <none> 7684.6 1752.9
##
## Step: AIC=1060.78
## log(Global_Sales) ~ Critic_Score + Platform + Mod_Developer
##
## Df Sum of Sq RSS AIC
## + Top_20_Devs 1 246.037 6141.5 839.67
## + Genre 11 156.290 6231.2 942.07
## + Rating 3 79.084 6308.4 996.01
## + Dev_Count 1 54.859 6332.6 1013.78
## + User_Score 1 37.643 6349.8 1029.20
## <none> 6387.5 1060.78
##
## Step: AIC=839.67
## log(Global_Sales) ~ Critic_Score + Platform + Mod_Developer +
## Top_20_Devs
##
## Df Sum of Sq RSS AIC
## + Genre 11 140.057 6001.4 730.63
## + Rating 3 60.765 6080.7 789.19
## + Dev_Count 1 37.172 6104.3 807.18
## + User_Score 1 28.484 6113.0 815.26
## <none> 6141.5 839.67
##
## Step: AIC=730.63
## log(Global_Sales) ~ Critic_Score + Platform + Mod_Developer +
## Top_20_Devs + Genre
##
## Df Sum of Sq RSS AIC
## + Rating 3 62.208 5939.2 677.45
## + Dev_Count 1 33.309 5968.1 701.02
## + User_Score 1 24.736 5976.7 709.17
## <none> 6001.4 730.63
##
## Step: AIC=677.45
## log(Global_Sales) ~ Critic_Score + Platform + Mod_Developer +
## Top_20_Devs + Genre + Rating
##
## Df Sum of Sq RSS AIC
## + Dev_Count 1 32.428 5906.8 648.35
## + User_Score 1 23.894 5915.3 656.55
## <none> 5939.2 677.45
##
## Step: AIC=648.35
## log(Global_Sales) ~ Critic_Score + Platform + Mod_Developer +
## Top_20_Devs + Genre + Rating + Dev_Count
##
## Df Sum of Sq RSS AIC
## + User_Score 1 22.499 5884.3 628.68
## <none> 5906.8 648.35
##
## Step: AIC=628.68
## log(Global_Sales) ~ Critic_Score + Platform + Mod_Developer +
## Top_20_Devs + Genre + Rating + Dev_Count + User_Score
summary(Forward_mod)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = log(Global_Sales) ~ Critic_Score + Platform + Mod_Developer +
## Top_20_Devs + Genre + Rating + Dev_Count + User_Score, data = Games_Train)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -4.7221 -0.6458 -0.0051 0.6774 4.3332
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value
## (Intercept) -4.821451 0.373445 -12.911
## Critic_Score 0.038705 0.001517 25.509
## PlatformDC -0.724818 0.345082 -2.100
## PlatformDS 0.108702 0.105834 1.027
## PlatformGBA -0.258282 0.118955 -2.171
## PlatformGC -0.526724 0.111604 -4.720
## PlatformPC -1.654999 0.105801 -15.643
## PlatformPS 0.472803 0.137227 3.445
## PlatformPS2 0.351234 0.099963 3.514
## PlatformPS3 0.469702 0.101629 4.622
## PlatformPS4 -0.124301 0.118836 -1.046
## PlatformPSP -0.026794 0.108788 -0.246
## PlatformPSV -0.534807 0.144002 -3.714
## PlatformWii 0.518366 0.105525 4.912
## PlatformWiiU -0.308727 0.150468 -2.052
## PlatformX360 0.363034 0.101035 3.593
## PlatformXB -0.514717 0.106389 -4.838
## PlatformXOne -0.350937 0.133578 -2.627
## Mod_Developer3DO 0.216794 0.429715 0.505
## Mod_Developer7 Studios 0.816198 0.497823 1.640
## Mod_Developer989 Sports 0.869269 0.465999 1.865
## Mod_DeveloperAcclaim 0.133395 0.410874 0.325
## Mod_DeveloperAcclaim Studios Cheltenham 0.477737 0.482145 0.991
## Mod_DeveloperAcquire 0.410943 0.470487 0.873
## Mod_DeveloperActivision 0.430301 0.448489 0.959
## Mod_DeveloperAmaze Entertainment 0.821463 0.452943 1.814
## Mod_DeveloperArc System Works -1.465821 0.428492 -3.421
## Mod_DeveloperArgonaut Games 0.415023 0.441551 0.940
## Mod_DeveloperArtificial Mind and Movement -0.270379 0.441455 -0.612
## Mod_DeveloperAsobo Studio 0.656402 0.479976 1.368
## Mod_DeveloperAtlus 0.385503 0.462104 0.834
## Mod_DeveloperAvalanche Software 1.347604 0.435261 3.096
## Mod_DeveloperBackbone Entertainment 0.251272 0.420715 0.597
## Mod_DeveloperBandai 0.557980 0.481473 1.159
## Mod_DeveloperBandai Namco Games 0.746117 0.421664 1.769
## Mod_DeveloperBeenox -0.125682 0.431312 -0.291
## Mod_DeveloperBioWare 1.027695 0.421100 2.441
## Mod_DeveloperBizarre Creations 0.983529 0.515480 1.908
## Mod_DeveloperBlack Box 0.854106 0.448870 1.903
## Mod_DeveloperBlitz Games 0.593216 0.442529 1.341
## Mod_DeveloperBlizzard Entertainment 2.544039 0.424995 5.986
## Mod_DeveloperBlue Castle Games 0.158100 0.454164 0.348
## Mod_DeveloperBlue Tongue Entertainment 0.284227 0.458113 0.620
## Mod_DeveloperBugbear -0.079049 0.471313 -0.168
## Mod_DeveloperCapcom -5.017267 1.136586 -4.414
## Mod_DeveloperCavia Inc. 0.962951 0.481860 1.998
## Mod_DeveloperCity Interactive 1.443816 0.498623 2.896
## Mod_DeveloperClimax Group -0.800157 0.432168 -1.851
## Mod_DeveloperCodemasters -2.005508 0.549127 -3.652
## Mod_DeveloperCompile Heart 0.121909 0.542215 0.225
## Mod_DeveloperCreative Assembly 1.296982 0.441308 2.939
## Mod_DeveloperCriterion Games 0.129591 0.418809 0.309
## Mod_DeveloperCrystal Dynamics 0.125511 0.427254 0.294
## Mod_DeveloperCrytek 1.405964 0.516713 2.721
## Mod_DeveloperCyberConnect2 0.487295 0.431045 1.130
## Mod_DeveloperDigital Eclipse 0.834177 0.431979 1.931
## Mod_DeveloperDigital Extremes 0.756256 0.573114 1.320
## Mod_DeveloperDigital Illusions 1.155327 0.495861 2.330
## Mod_DeveloperDimps Corporation 0.760696 0.414525 1.835
## Mod_DeveloperDouble Helix Games 0.478377 0.437405 1.094
## Mod_DeveloperEA Black Box 1.759411 0.571089 3.081
## Mod_DeveloperEA Bright Light 0.664633 0.422700 1.572
## Mod_DeveloperEA Canada -6.123657 1.362858 -4.493
## Mod_DeveloperEA DICE -0.320741 0.424985 -0.755
## Mod_DeveloperEA Games 0.613236 0.425141 1.442
## Mod_DeveloperEA LA 1.479308 0.442932 3.340
## Mod_DeveloperEA Redwood Shores 0.829739 0.416397 1.993
## Mod_DeveloperEA Sports -5.577759 1.300879 -4.288
## Mod_DeveloperEA Tiburon -2.635909 0.774228 -3.405
## Mod_DeveloperEdge of Reality 1.048394 0.441175 2.376
## Mod_DeveloperElectronic Arts -1.623234 0.636076 -2.552
## Mod_DeveloperEpic Games 0.730175 0.436110 1.674
## Mod_DeveloperEurocom Entertainment Software -0.288974 0.456850 -0.633
## Mod_DeveloperEutechnyx -0.328534 0.450791 -0.729
## Mod_DeveloperExient Entertainment -0.139203 0.415629 -0.335
## Mod_DeveloperFiraxis Games 1.411719 0.487215 2.898
## Mod_DeveloperFree Radical Design 0.657098 0.497748 1.320
## Mod_DeveloperFreeStyleGames 0.851268 0.500345 1.701
## Mod_DeveloperFrom Software -0.796086 0.467112 -1.704
## Mod_DeveloperFrontier Developments 1.321432 0.521405 2.534
## Mod_DeveloperFUN Labs 0.512297 0.455437 1.125
## Mod_DeveloperGaijin Entertainment 0.073467 0.482808 0.152
## Mod_DeveloperGame Arts 0.560749 0.436284 1.285
## Mod_DeveloperGame Republic 0.813176 0.515999 1.576
## Mod_DeveloperGearbox Software 0.102558 0.431928 0.237
## Mod_DeveloperGrasshopper Manufacture -0.073521 0.449083 -0.164
## Mod_DeveloperGriptonite Games 0.848609 0.421910 2.011
## Mod_DeveloperGust 0.042619 0.442780 0.096
## Mod_DeveloperHaemimont 1.059319 0.483063 2.193
## Mod_DeveloperHAL Labs 2.321605 0.450380 5.155
## Mod_DeveloperHarmonix Music Systems -0.319058 0.441221 -0.723
## Mod_DeveloperHB Studios Multimedia 0.702884 0.466957 1.505
## Mod_DeveloperHeavy Iron Studios 1.255595 0.419199 2.995
## Mod_DeveloperHigh Moon Studios 0.630593 0.468236 1.347
## Mod_DeveloperHigh Voltage Software -0.196754 0.436630 -0.451
## Mod_DeveloperHudson 2.014744 0.471498 4.273
## Mod_DeveloperHudson Soft 0.743030 0.481365 1.544
## Mod_Developerid Software 1.026329 0.482573 2.127
## Mod_DeveloperInfinity Ward 0.701116 0.433665 1.617
## Mod_DeveloperIntelligent Systems 1.438534 0.433801 3.316
## Mod_DeveloperIo Interactive 0.261330 0.415619 0.629
## Mod_DeveloperKCEJ 0.907157 0.482738 1.879
## Mod_DeveloperKCET 0.081478 0.415301 0.196
## Mod_DeveloperKoei -0.954234 0.444859 -2.145
## Mod_DeveloperKojima Productions 0.917043 0.458894 1.998
## Mod_DeveloperKonami -3.766545 0.890840 -4.228
## Mod_DeveloperKrome Studios 0.369994 0.420942 0.879
## Mod_DeveloperKush Games -0.056076 0.415765 -0.135
## Mod_DeveloperLevel 5 0.559908 0.453721 1.234
## Mod_DeveloperLucasArts 0.931628 0.421388 2.211
## Mod_DeveloperMass Media 0.868374 0.443021 1.960
## Mod_DeveloperMaxis 0.492570 0.463906 1.062
## Mod_DeveloperMicrosoft Game Studios 1.224773 0.479421 2.555
## Mod_DeveloperMidway -0.922013 0.483283 -1.908
## Mod_DeveloperMilestone S.r.l -0.469288 0.429215 -1.093
## Mod_DeveloperMonolith Productions 0.644372 0.516468 1.248
## Mod_Developern-Space 1.271083 0.482314 2.635
## Mod_DeveloperNamco -1.052372 0.537020 -1.960
## Mod_DeveloperNamco Bandai Games 0.438006 0.419319 1.045
## Mod_DeveloperNatsume 0.273747 0.482974 0.567
## Mod_DeveloperNaughty Dog 0.906416 0.462749 1.959
## Mod_DeveloperNeverland 0.199672 0.470741 0.424
## Mod_DeveloperNeversoft Entertainment 0.016071 0.473062 0.034
## Mod_DeveloperNext Level Games 0.570713 0.432389 1.320
## Mod_DeveloperNintendo -2.145808 0.699512 -3.068
## Mod_DeveloperNippon Ichi Software -0.543214 0.418487 -1.298
## Mod_DeveloperNow Production 0.591223 0.515724 1.146
## Mod_DeveloperObsidian Entertainment 0.661517 0.451521 1.465
## Mod_DeveloperOmega Force -2.136621 0.653171 -3.271
## Mod_DeveloperPage 44 Studios 0.472514 0.570974 0.828
## Mod_DeveloperPandemic Studios 1.516349 0.468751 3.235
## Mod_DeveloperParadigm Entertainment 0.832830 0.458279 1.817
## Mod_DeveloperPipeworks Software 0.794566 0.497860 1.596
## Mod_DeveloperPivotal Games 0.900667 0.517506 1.740
## Mod_DeveloperPlatinumGames 0.301789 0.420218 0.718
## Mod_DeveloperPoint of View 0.344073 0.456276 0.754
## Mod_DeveloperPopCap 0.616819 0.444178 1.389
## Mod_DeveloperRacjin 0.546331 0.457993 1.193
## Mod_DeveloperRadical Entertainment -0.246611 0.435914 -0.566
## Mod_DeveloperRainbow Studios 0.351034 0.416091 0.844
## Mod_DeveloperRare Ltd. 1.161193 0.435114 2.669
## Mod_DeveloperRaven Software 0.666338 0.442505 1.506
## Mod_DeveloperRebellion -0.760325 0.432464 -1.758
## Mod_DeveloperRed Storm Entertainment 1.411472 0.481878 2.929
## Mod_DeveloperRelic 0.689889 0.462179 1.493
## Mod_DeveloperRockstar North 0.887016 0.473963 1.871
## Mod_DeveloperRockstar San Diego 1.204518 0.434607 2.772
## Mod_DeveloperRocksteady Studios 1.695834 0.449820 3.770
## Mod_DeveloperSCE Japan Studio 0.014568 0.459987 0.032
## Mod_DeveloperSCEA 0.641841 0.447839 1.433
## Mod_DeveloperSCEA San Diego Studios -0.095620 0.411622 -0.232
## Mod_DeveloperSCEE London Studio 0.858814 0.438986 1.956
## Mod_DeveloperSega -0.315615 0.436679 -0.723
## Mod_DeveloperShaba Games 0.812487 0.479266 1.695
## Mod_DeveloperShiny Entertainment 2.245309 0.516870 4.344
## Mod_DeveloperSmall/New Developer 1.029919 0.342049 3.011
## Mod_DeveloperSNK Playmore -0.521890 0.440224 -1.186
## Mod_DeveloperSonic Team 0.562922 0.452423 1.244
## Mod_DeveloperSpark Unlimited 0.903889 0.482735 1.872
## Mod_DeveloperSpike 0.267355 0.427736 0.625
## Mod_DeveloperSpike Chunsoft 0.320984 0.484926 0.662
## Mod_DeveloperSquare Enix -0.153360 0.473120 -0.324
## Mod_DeveloperSquareSoft 2.127125 0.448790 4.740
## Mod_DeveloperStarbreeze 0.042302 0.469487 0.090
## Mod_DeveloperSting 0.079156 0.460821 0.172
## Mod_DeveloperSumo Digital 0.590201 0.479138 1.232
## Mod_DeveloperTaito Corporation -0.347651 0.444162 -0.783
## Mod_DeveloperTeam 17 -0.300027 0.423301 -0.709
## Mod_DeveloperTeam Ninja 0.350670 0.430691 0.814
## Mod_DeveloperTechland 0.420867 0.438805 0.959
## Mod_DeveloperTecmo -0.433510 0.424345 -1.022
## Mod_DeveloperTerminal Reality -0.269032 0.423364 -0.635
## Mod_DeveloperTHQ -0.027373 0.415571 -0.066
## Mod_DeveloperTOSE 0.370513 0.440790 0.841
## Mod_DeveloperToys for Bob 0.802499 0.423612 1.894
## Mod_DeveloperTraveller's Tales -1.113727 0.614791 -1.812
## Mod_DeveloperTreasure -0.013219 0.573464 -0.023
## Mod_DeveloperTreyarch -1.689455 0.490695 -3.443
## Mod_DeveloperTri-Ace 1.138239 0.518214 2.196
## Mod_DeveloperTT Games 0.034027 0.467581 0.073
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft -3.551547 0.958399 -3.706
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Montpellier 0.647439 0.437449 1.480
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Montreal -2.352332 0.766611 -3.068
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Paris 1.090768 0.451250 2.417
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Quebec 0.676174 0.448867 1.506
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Romania 0.489537 0.470336 1.041
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Shanghai 0.021206 0.419911 0.051
## Mod_DeveloperValve Software 1.730385 0.470698 3.676
## Mod_DeveloperVicarious Visions -1.136389 0.571579 -1.988
## Mod_DeveloperVicious Cycle 0.240033 0.441084 0.544
## Mod_DeveloperVisceral Games 1.187539 0.496611 2.391
## Mod_DeveloperVisual Concepts -1.884367 0.621743 -3.031
## Mod_DeveloperVolition Inc. 0.211179 0.443183 0.477
## Mod_DeveloperWayForward -0.387117 0.451615 -0.857
## Mod_DeveloperYuke's -0.346101 0.489976 -0.706
## Mod_DeveloperZ-Axis 0.496822 0.446886 1.112
## Mod_DeveloperZoe Mode 0.675052 0.470124 1.436
## Top_20_Devs 1.654068 0.123985 13.341
## GenreAdventure -0.436976 0.080584 -5.423
## GenreFighting 0.192197 0.078488 2.449
## GenreMisc 0.171684 0.077402 2.218
## GenrePlatform -0.079656 0.071741 -1.110
## GenrePuzzle -0.625249 0.115491 -5.414
## GenreRacing 0.087920 0.070076 1.255
## GenreRole-Playing -0.125645 0.062124 -2.022
## GenreShooter 0.006197 0.056399 0.110
## GenreSimulation 0.202928 0.084369 2.405
## GenreSports -0.118349 0.068297 -1.733
## GenreStrategy -0.424133 0.091338 -4.644
## RatingE10+ -0.229679 0.052682 -4.360
## RatingM 0.113837 0.060019 1.897
## RatingT -0.160613 0.048121 -3.338
## Dev_Count 0.048890 0.009106 5.369
## User_Score -0.063115 0.013806 -4.572
## Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) < 2e-16 ***
## Critic_Score < 2e-16 ***
## PlatformDC 0.035737 *
## PlatformDS 0.304419
## PlatformGBA 0.029955 *
## PlatformGC 2.42e-06 ***
## PlatformPC < 2e-16 ***
## PlatformPS 0.000574 ***
## PlatformPS2 0.000446 ***
## PlatformPS3 3.89e-06 ***
## PlatformPS4 0.295611
## PlatformPSP 0.805465
## PlatformPSV 0.000206 ***
## PlatformWii 9.27e-07 ***
## PlatformWiiU 0.040239 *
## PlatformX360 0.000330 ***
## PlatformXB 1.35e-06 ***
## PlatformXOne 0.008633 **
## Mod_Developer3DO 0.613927
## Mod_Developer7 Studios 0.101160
## Mod_Developer989 Sports 0.062180 .
## Mod_DeveloperAcclaim 0.745450
## Mod_DeveloperAcclaim Studios Cheltenham 0.321799
## Mod_DeveloperAcquire 0.382460
## Mod_DeveloperActivision 0.337376
## Mod_DeveloperAmaze Entertainment 0.069792 .
## Mod_DeveloperArc System Works 0.000629 ***
## Mod_DeveloperArgonaut Games 0.347299
## Mod_DeveloperArtificial Mind and Movement 0.540251
## Mod_DeveloperAsobo Studio 0.171502
## Mod_DeveloperAtlus 0.404185
## Mod_DeveloperAvalanche Software 0.001971 **
## Mod_DeveloperBackbone Entertainment 0.550365
## Mod_DeveloperBandai 0.246547
## Mod_DeveloperBandai Namco Games 0.076873 .
## Mod_DeveloperBeenox 0.770760
## Mod_DeveloperBioWare 0.014698 *
## Mod_DeveloperBizarre Creations 0.056445 .
## Mod_DeveloperBlack Box 0.057120 .
## Mod_DeveloperBlitz Games 0.180134
## Mod_DeveloperBlizzard Entertainment 2.29e-09 ***
## Mod_DeveloperBlue Castle Games 0.727769
## Mod_DeveloperBlue Tongue Entertainment 0.535000
## Mod_DeveloperBugbear 0.866810
## Mod_DeveloperCapcom 1.03e-05 ***
## Mod_DeveloperCavia Inc. 0.045722 *
## Mod_DeveloperCity Interactive 0.003799 **
## Mod_DeveloperClimax Group 0.064152 .
## Mod_DeveloperCodemasters 0.000262 ***
## Mod_DeveloperCompile Heart 0.822116
## Mod_DeveloperCreative Assembly 0.003307 **
## Mod_DeveloperCriterion Games 0.757008
## Mod_DeveloperCrystal Dynamics 0.768950
## Mod_DeveloperCrytek 0.006530 **
## Mod_DeveloperCyberConnect2 0.258317
## Mod_DeveloperDigital Eclipse 0.053527 .
## Mod_DeveloperDigital Extremes 0.187039
## Mod_DeveloperDigital Illusions 0.019846 *
## Mod_DeveloperDimps Corporation 0.066545 .
## Mod_DeveloperDouble Helix Games 0.274148
## Mod_DeveloperEA Black Box 0.002075 **
## Mod_DeveloperEA Bright Light 0.115927
## Mod_DeveloperEA Canada 7.16e-06 ***
## Mod_DeveloperEA DICE 0.450455
## Mod_DeveloperEA Games 0.149238
## Mod_DeveloperEA LA 0.000844 ***
## Mod_DeveloperEA Redwood Shores 0.046348 *
## Mod_DeveloperEA Sports 1.84e-05 ***
## Mod_DeveloperEA Tiburon 0.000667 ***
## Mod_DeveloperEdge of Reality 0.017518 *
## Mod_DeveloperElectronic Arts 0.010739 *
## Mod_DeveloperEpic Games 0.094131 .
## Mod_DeveloperEurocom Entertainment Software 0.527063
## Mod_DeveloperEutechnyx 0.466159
## Mod_DeveloperExient Entertainment 0.737697
## Mod_DeveloperFiraxis Games 0.003776 **
## Mod_DeveloperFree Radical Design 0.186843
## Mod_DeveloperFreeStyleGames 0.088932 .
## Mod_DeveloperFrom Software 0.088387 .
## Mod_DeveloperFrontier Developments 0.011293 *
## Mod_DeveloperFUN Labs 0.260703
## Mod_DeveloperGaijin Entertainment 0.879062
## Mod_DeveloperGame Arts 0.198748
## Mod_DeveloperGame Republic 0.115101
## Mod_DeveloperGearbox Software 0.812322
## Mod_DeveloperGrasshopper Manufacture 0.869962
## Mod_DeveloperGriptonite Games 0.044337 *
## Mod_DeveloperGust 0.923323
## Mod_DeveloperHaemimont 0.028355 *
## Mod_DeveloperHAL Labs 2.63e-07 ***
## Mod_DeveloperHarmonix Music Systems 0.469634
## Mod_DeveloperHB Studios Multimedia 0.132320
## Mod_DeveloperHeavy Iron Studios 0.002755 **
## Mod_DeveloperHigh Moon Studios 0.178119
## Mod_DeveloperHigh Voltage Software 0.652282
## Mod_DeveloperHudson 1.96e-05 ***
## Mod_DeveloperHudson Soft 0.122746
## Mod_Developerid Software 0.033483 *
## Mod_DeveloperInfinity Ward 0.105996
## Mod_DeveloperIntelligent Systems 0.000919 ***
## Mod_DeveloperIo Interactive 0.529524
## Mod_DeveloperKCEJ 0.060272 .
## Mod_DeveloperKCET 0.844469
## Mod_DeveloperKoei 0.031995 *
## Mod_DeveloperKojima Productions 0.045725 *
## Mod_DeveloperKonami 2.40e-05 ***
## Mod_DeveloperKrome Studios 0.379458
## Mod_DeveloperKush Games 0.892716
## Mod_DeveloperLevel 5 0.217242
## Mod_DeveloperLucasArts 0.027087 *
## Mod_DeveloperMass Media 0.050032 .
## Mod_DeveloperMaxis 0.288379
## Mod_DeveloperMicrosoft Game Studios 0.010655 *
## Mod_DeveloperMidway 0.056468 .
## Mod_DeveloperMilestone S.r.l 0.274282
## Mod_DeveloperMonolith Productions 0.212212
## Mod_Developern-Space 0.008428 **
## Mod_DeveloperNamco 0.050087 .
## Mod_DeveloperNamco Bandai Games 0.296271
## Mod_DeveloperNatsume 0.570877
## Mod_DeveloperNaughty Dog 0.050191 .
## Mod_DeveloperNeverland 0.671462
## Mod_DeveloperNeversoft Entertainment 0.972901
## Mod_DeveloperNext Level Games 0.186922
## Mod_DeveloperNintendo 0.002169 **
## Mod_DeveloperNippon Ichi Software 0.194327
## Mod_DeveloperNow Production 0.251682
## Mod_DeveloperObsidian Entertainment 0.142955
## Mod_DeveloperOmega Force 0.001078 **
## Mod_DeveloperPage 44 Studios 0.407957
## Mod_DeveloperPandemic Studios 0.001224 **
## Mod_DeveloperParadigm Entertainment 0.069226 .
## Mod_DeveloperPipeworks Software 0.110555
## Mod_DeveloperPivotal Games 0.081846 .
## Mod_DeveloperPlatinumGames 0.472681
## Mod_DeveloperPoint of View 0.450827
## Mod_DeveloperPopCap 0.164988
## Mod_DeveloperRacjin 0.232967
## Mod_DeveloperRadical Entertainment 0.571599
## Mod_DeveloperRainbow Studios 0.398904
## Mod_DeveloperRare Ltd. 0.007637 **
## Mod_DeveloperRaven Software 0.132168
## Mod_DeveloperRebellion 0.078782 .
## Mod_DeveloperRed Storm Entertainment 0.003413 **
## Mod_DeveloperRelic 0.135577
## Mod_DeveloperRockstar North 0.061331 .
## Mod_DeveloperRockstar San Diego 0.005599 **
## Mod_DeveloperRocksteady Studios 0.000165 ***
## Mod_DeveloperSCE Japan Studio 0.974737
## Mod_DeveloperSCEA 0.151859
## Mod_DeveloperSCEA San Diego Studios 0.816314
## Mod_DeveloperSCEE London Studio 0.050474 .
## Mod_DeveloperSega 0.469857
## Mod_DeveloperShaba Games 0.090080 .
## Mod_DeveloperShiny Entertainment 1.42e-05 ***
## Mod_DeveloperSmall/New Developer 0.002616 **
## Mod_DeveloperSNK Playmore 0.235867
## Mod_DeveloperSonic Team 0.213465
## Mod_DeveloperSpark Unlimited 0.061200 .
## Mod_DeveloperSpike 0.531966
## Mod_DeveloperSpike Chunsoft 0.508047
## Mod_DeveloperSquare Enix 0.745840
## Mod_DeveloperSquareSoft 2.19e-06 ***
## Mod_DeveloperStarbreeze 0.928210
## Mod_DeveloperSting 0.863623
## Mod_DeveloperSumo Digital 0.218078
## Mod_DeveloperTaito Corporation 0.433830
## Mod_DeveloperTeam 17 0.478492
## Mod_DeveloperTeam Ninja 0.415564
## Mod_DeveloperTechland 0.337541
## Mod_DeveloperTecmo 0.307016
## Mod_DeveloperTerminal Reality 0.525153
## Mod_DeveloperTHQ 0.947485
## Mod_DeveloperTOSE 0.400627
## Mod_DeveloperToys for Bob 0.058222 .
## Mod_DeveloperTraveller's Tales 0.070110 .
## Mod_DeveloperTreasure 0.981610
## Mod_DeveloperTreyarch 0.000580 ***
## Mod_DeveloperTri-Ace 0.028100 *
## Mod_DeveloperTT Games 0.941990
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft 0.000213 ***
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Montpellier 0.138922
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Montreal 0.002162 **
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Paris 0.015672 *
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Quebec 0.132021
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Romania 0.298003
## Mod_DeveloperUbisoft Shanghai 0.959724
## Mod_DeveloperValve Software 0.000239 ***
## Mod_DeveloperVicarious Visions 0.046844 *
## Mod_DeveloperVicious Cycle 0.586335
## Mod_DeveloperVisceral Games 0.016823 *
## Mod_DeveloperVisual Concepts 0.002451 **
## Mod_DeveloperVolition Inc. 0.633733
## Mod_DeveloperWayForward 0.391381
## Mod_DeveloperYuke's 0.479992
## Mod_DeveloperZ-Axis 0.266299
## Mod_DeveloperZoe Mode 0.151088
## Top_20_Devs < 2e-16 ***
## GenreAdventure 6.13e-08 ***
## GenreFighting 0.014367 *
## GenreMisc 0.026590 *
## GenrePlatform 0.266903
## GenrePuzzle 6.43e-08 ***
## GenreRacing 0.209662
## GenreRole-Playing 0.043173 *
## GenreShooter 0.912511
## GenreSimulation 0.016195 *
## GenreSports 0.083176 .
## GenreStrategy 3.51e-06 ***
## RatingE10+ 1.33e-05 ***
## RatingM 0.057924 .
## RatingT 0.000850 ***
## Dev_Count 8.24e-08 ***
## User_Score 4.95e-06 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 1.038 on 5466 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.487, Adjusted R-squared: 0.467
## F-statistic: 24.36 on 213 and 5466 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
## Backward Selection
Backward_mod <- step(MaxFit, direction = "backward")
## Start: AIC=628.68
## log(Global_Sales) ~ Genre + Critic_Score + User_Score + Mod_Developer +
## Dev_Count + Rating + Top_20_Devs + Platform
##
## Df Sum of Sq RSS AIC
## <none> 5884.3 628.68
## - User_Score 1 22.50 5906.8 648.35
## - Dev_Count 1 31.03 5915.3 656.55
## - Rating 3 60.57 5944.8 680.85
## - Genre 11 134.96 6019.2 735.48
## - Top_20_Devs 1 191.60 6075.9 808.67
## - Mod_Developer 179 880.06 6764.3 1062.36
## - Critic_Score 1 700.49 6584.7 1265.53
## - Platform 16 1829.81 7714.1 2134.62
# Of the three models, the model made with forward selection and backward selection
# are better
## prediction on test set
Games_Test$Predict <- predict(Forward_mod, Games_Test)
## testing and plotting
# make a scatterplot using both the predicted and the actual
Sales_plot <- ggplot(Games_Test, aes(x = Global_Sales, y = Predict, label = Games_Test$Name)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) +
geom_abline(aes(intercept = 0, slope = 1), color = "blue") +
geom_smooth(method = "lm", color = "red")
ggplotly(Sales_plot)
## make plots of the residuals
residualPlot(Forward_mod)
